In early 2022, a law passed in California requiring residents to compost their food waste. The law, which is part of the state’s aggressive plan to reduce food waste and up recycling efforts, doesn’t require residents to do their own composting at home per se. Rather the charge mandates that every person or household must separate their tossed food from their trash and then dump those scraps into the city- and state-provided composting bins outside.

The idea behind California’s progressive effort is to get a handle on the amount of perishable food waste that ends up in landfills. (Food waste is the largest category of matter that fills landfills.) When food is tossed, it breaks down and releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and climate change contributor. Experts see this as both a detrimental habit and a lost opportunity: Trashed food emits gas and adds to landfill bulk when instead its nutrients could be benefitting soil and crops.

What Are the Benefits of Composting?

With its composting law, California is looking to mirror the work of the natural world: In nature, an uneaten piece of fruit decomposes on the ground before getting digested by microorganisms and fungi and then converted into nutrients that nurture new plant growth. Composting, essentially, does this in contained settings within our communities and cities—all the while reducing reliance on landfills. It is a win-win.

Two more reasons why composting is beneficial on a municipal and individual level include:

It enables sustainable and healthy agriculture. A challenge of modern-day farming is a depleting topsoil layer. Research shows that land degradation is happening at a rapid rate. Roughly 25 percent of the total land area in the world has been degraded, according to the Global Environment Facility: “When land is degraded, soil carbon and nitrous oxide are released into the atmosphere, making land degradation one of the most important contributors to climate change,” as stated on GEF’s site. Composting helps to replenish soil’s lost nutrients, aiding in restoring land fertility for agriculture.

Composting supports cleaner agricultural practices.

The United States’s reliance on toxic and potentially carcinogenic pesticides and herbicides is grave. The Environmental Working Group states more than 70 percent of non-organic fruits and vegetables have residue of potentially harmful pesticides. This is serious given how these chemicals have been linked to negative health and environmental effects. Experts say that replacing pesticides with composted matter naturally emboldens the soil, thus reducing the need for pesticides.

How Do You Start Composting in Your City?

Ideally, we would all compost our scraps at home. This isn’t too hefty of a feat, given how the marketplace for chic and easy composting bins has grown. We’d all live in cities and states that mirror California’s compost mandate. Thankfully, a growing number of cities, including Boston, are making composting easy by providing compost waste drop-off sites. To find out if your city offers this, look to the following:

Your city’s waste removal department. Reach out to our local City Hall or city government headquarters for a contact in the waste removal department. This contact will inform you if your town, city, or county offers compost removal services or drop-off locations. If they do not, push and ask why. (The pressing questions of residents often spark new city ordinances.)
Your local recycling or trash service. Your town or city may have resident waste removed by an outside non-municipal organization—something that is quite common. The name and contact can be found via your local government, homeowners association, or landlord.
Your local schools. More schools are developing unused land into working community and educational gardens to teach children about growing and cultivating produce.
Your local farmers’ market. This is always a win for any sustainably-founded question. Chances are the local farmers and purveyors in your region have a composting system in place. Ask to see if they would accept your scraps or refer you to a service they use.

To learn more about composting visit the National Resources Defense Council.

By Julia Hirsch

I have a confession to make: I have never composted. City living is no excuse. I have city friends who save scraps in their freezer or compost in a bankers box under a couch. Many cities (New York City and Portland, for example) have composting programs, with drop off sites and compost bins collected by the sanitation department.

With a little outdoor space, the process can be even more straight-forward. For a glimpse of idyllic country composting, I have a friend who saves her scraps in an open bowl on the kitchen counter, then flings them out to her chickens every afternoon. For those of us who don’t have a gaggle of chickens, composting can still be a simple and accessible process. For the first time, I have some outdoor space, so I am ready to try.

But first: Why should we compost? Doesn’t it all just break down in a landfill?

In the US, food waste accounts for the largest category of materials that take up landfill space. Not only does it occupy valuable space and require resources to transport, but it also breaks down without access to oxygen. When this happens, it produces methane, a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.

When we compost at home, that decomposition process can be harnessed to produce humus, a nutrient rich, organic fertilizer. Humus enriches the soil, facilitating a biodynamic process that retains moisture, cultivates beneficial bacteria and fungi, balances the pH of your soil, and suppresses plant disease. In fact, composting can actually help combat the effects of climate change. According to the EPA, an increase in just one percent of organic matter in the soil can triple the soils water retention capacity, reducing erosion. So, every little bit helps.

Getting Started

First, you’ll need a place to collect your food scraps, and a container in which to compost. For my mission, I wanted to keep it as sustainable as possible, which meant no new purchases. For the scraps, this can be as simple as a staked-out pile with chicken wire, or as complex as a multi-step tumbling system. I was lucky enough to locate an antique diaper bin for a kitchen collector: a metal bucket with a tight lid. So far it has done the job keeping odors out. For the compost bin, I found an old trash can and poked holes in the bottom and sides to welcome the essential oxygen (and worms, should they decide to contribute). For extra credit, I can rotate the compost with a pitchfork as it begins to decompose, or strap the lid on and roll the can around the yard.

Now, if you want to simplify the process further and purchase your gear, there are many streamlined bins available that you can put on your counter, if you’re composting inside. (Many of these have anti-odor features.) If you’re doing so outside, consider a heftier compost bin or barrel.

Getting Composting

The process is simple alchemy. You’ll need a combination of brown waste (dry yard scraps, cardboard, dead leaves, shredded paper), green waste (grass clippings, fruit and vegetable scraps, eggshells, coffee grounds, tea leaves), water, and air.*

Combine equal parts brown waste and green waste. The brown scraps provide carbon, while the green waste supplies nitrogen.

Add water to moisten the mixture. This allows for the organisms to digest and move. And make sure there is a little airflow. Exposure to oxygen ensures the organisms break down the materials in a way that rids any terrible odors. Now, your compost is ready to brew.

I am looking forward to seeing how this experiment goes. By the spring, maybe there will be enough compost to start a small garden.

Wishing you the best in your composting journey. Start small and see where it goes.

A Few Helpful Notes:

· Be sure to avoid composting any dairy, bones, fats, oils, and pet waste as these materials can attract vermin or contain harmful bacteria.

· For a full list of items to compost (and to avoid), see this EPA Guide.

· There are a few helpful composting resources that offer specific step-by-step guidance. These include: Rodale Institute’s Backyard Composting Cheatsheet, Modern Farmer’s 7 Secrets to Perfect Compost, Compost Junkie, and the New York Times Step-by-Step guide.

Composting: Why Is It So Important?

Composting Can Be Easy—Here’s How to Get Started