It’s Time for Cleaner Personal Wipes

A Conversation on Cotton, Additives and More with Founder Vanessa Menache

What goes into this lipstick, this hand sanitizer, this lotion? What is in the shampoo I reach for daily? Is this sunscreen safe for my kids? These questions fill our minds as we parse labels and continue to learn about all the potentially harmful additives that go into our personal care items.

We were thrilled to recently connect with Vanessa Menache who took our conversation to a new level, teaching us about another everyday product so many of us reach for: wipes. Vanessa just launched raan, her new line of clean, pure cotton wipes, and has edified us on all that goes into these essentials. As she tells us, most wipes on the market contain synthetic fibers like polyester and polypropylene, and even those labeled as “plant-based” include heavily processed and chemicalized materials.

It's a reason to pause considering how wipes are for our tender parts. So, we asked Vanessa to fill us in further.

A Conversation with Vanessa Menache

What led you to rethink personal wipes and consider a better version?

Wipes are an everyday essential—you use them on your face, your body, your babies, even your pets. But when you really dig into the ingredients and materials behind most conventional wipes, the lack of transparency becomes clear. Many are made from synthetic or heavily processed fibers that aren’t biodegradable, and their formulations often hide harsh additives behind words like “gentle” or “natural.” raan was born from a desire to do better—to create something clean that I could feel good about using on my skin, in my home, and in my daily life.

What are some common materials and additives in most personal and baby wipes? How does raan stand apart from these?

Most wipes on the market contain synthetic fibers like polyester and polypropylene, which means they’re essentially plastic. Even many labeled as “plant-based” include rayon, which is heavily processed with chemicals. Then you have added preservatives, fragrances, and alcohols that can be harsh on sensitive skin. raan stands apart by being made with unbleached 100 percent cotton and just five clean ingredients—including organic aloe and 99 percent purified water. No synthetics, no hidden additives, no microplastics. It’s a wipe you can trust, full stop.

Cotton is a ubiquitous material but it has a history. In 2007, a report from the Environmental Justice Foundation called cotton “the dirtiest” crop. How have things changed since then?

Today’s cotton production looks very different from a decade ago. Our cotton partner, TruCotton, uses forward-thinking practices to reduce waste and improve soil health—like precision agriculture tools, no-till systems, and cover cropping. These techniques support biodiversity, reduce erosion, and allow cotton to be grown more responsibly at scale.

We specifically chose TruCotton because of their commitment to environmental stewardship and their proprietary, waterless cleaning process, which skips bleach and harsh chemicals entirely. It also preserves the cotton’s naturally soothing waxes and oils—making it ideal for sensitive skin.

In short: not all cotton is created equal. But when it’s grown and processed with integrity, it becomes one of the most effective, gentle, and sustainable fibers on the planet.

We’d love to know more about the cotton you use for raan: how is it different from conventional cotton?

We use USA-grown cotton that’s processed using TruCotton technology—a clean, primarily unbleached, water-free method that leaves behind none of the harsh residues found in most cotton products. It’s naturally hypoallergenic, ultra-soft, and fully biodegradable. What makes it even more special is that the fiber is traceable from field to final product. That level of supply chain transparency is rare, especially in personal care.

There seems to be growing awareness about what goes into and on our products, but there’s still so much that is unregulated and unknown by consumers. How can we all start to be more discerning and caring?

Start by asking questions. Look beyond the buzzwords—“eco-friendly,” “natural,” and “clean” don’t mean anything unless they’re backed up by specifics. Look for third-party certifications, full ingredient lists, and clear sourcing practices. If a brand can’t tell you what’s in their product and where it comes from, that’s a red flag. As consumers, we’ve been trained to prioritize convenience, but we’re learning that true convenience doesn’t have to come at the cost of health or sustainability. Small shifts, like choosing a better wipe, can add up to a huge impact.

What makes you most proud about having created raan?

Honestly, it’s knowing that we’ve made a product that delivers on performance, transparency, and sustainability—without compromise. It’s a wipe you can use on a newborn, your own skin, your dog’s paws, or your countertops, and feel good about every single time. That versatility is rare, and it speaks to the integrity of the ingredients and materials we use. We didn’t cut corners, and that’s something I’ll always be proud of.

You can learn more about Vanessa and raan here.

Why Are Food Additives So Controversial?

Ingredients today are confusing. Some foods organically contain substances, while others have those substances added to them. There's sugar found in fruit, and then processed sugar packaged in a box. There's naturally occurring iron, and then cereals and milk fortified with the substance. It's a lot to keep up with and dizzying to understand.

That's why we break it down. At PrimaFoodie, we pay close attention to additive ingredients in foods: substances combined with foods—mainly processed foods—to increase shelf-life, reduce bacterial growth, and modify taste and feel. Generally, food additives are not eaten on their own. Still, the FDA considers them safe to consume and allows them to be incorporated into foods. This is why we see additives in countless foods.

This last fact begs the question: The FDA may deem food additives safe, and we see them everywhere, but where did they originate? And also: Why are they so controversial?

Foods Additives: A Brief History

It’s interesting to note that additives date back thousands of years. Before the massive industrialization of food, people in ancient cultures used salts and other natural ingredients to manipulate foods, mainly to dehydrate and clean them so they lasted longer.

Historians link some of the earliest records of adding ingredients to foods to Ancient Egypt circa 1500 BC. Back then, salt was likely added to dehydrate meats and fish. Later records show that various cultures used ingredients to supplement and preserve foods, including ancient China adding paraffin wax to fruits and ancient Romans dousing bread dough with mineral compounds such as potassium aluminum sulfate.

Adding ingredients to foods has expanded over the centuries. The Spice Trade played a significant role in how foods are cooked and preserved, as it offered cultures access to ingredients that bolstered flavor, texture, and more. The shift, as we see it today, generally began in the late 1800s when industrialization was a massive boon. Advancements in equipment and transportation brought a world of new methods to communities, including the advent of large-scale farming and refrigeration. More food was being cultivated and made—and with this output came the steady inclusion of ingredients to enhance and preserve foods. Some manufacturers started adding ingredients to allegedly provide consumers with nutrition. A well-known example of this was the addition of iodine to salt in the 1920s to combat iodine deficiency.

Food Additives Today: A Controversial Topic

These days, if you pick up a bag of cereal or jar of sauce, you'll find a host of ingredients with odd names, from sodium nitrate to guar gum. Over the last century, food manufacturers have discovered and created thousands of substances to add to edible substances. The purposes are wide and varied. Additives change texture, bolster shelf life, enhance flavor and color, change smell, thwart bacteria growth, and improve consistency, among other reasons.

Demand for additives has steadily grown alongside consumers' taste for foods manipulated with them, which is a controversial topic in and of itself. While some say additives make food safer and more beneficial, others are concerned about how the palettes of the Western world have grown to crave foods filled with additives.

Then there are the concerning studies. Research has linked modern food additives to multiple health impacts, from allergies and asthma to various cancers. Some have also linked additives to behavior disorders in children. These facts are concerning, as the additives mainly offer no nutritional value and are used to intensify flavor, color, and shelf life but put people in jeopardy.

What to Know Today

Food additives of our modern times get a bad reputation—and rightfully so. Many of these ingredients are artificial chemicals that are added to foods to stretch their shelf life and, subsequently, put more money in food manufacturers' pockets. In the wake of this, these additives usually offer consumers no nutritional value, and they can be simply unhealthy to consumers, especially consistently over time.

These days, the giant concerns around food additives are their potential impact on our health coupled with the lax overview from the FDA, a fact that is causing more concern than ever. The agency that is supposed to have our backs has permitted chemicals that scientists link to health concerns. While some have been rescinded, such as the case with the recent ban on Red No. 3, hundreds of other additives are still allowed, the safety of which is nebulous at best. As Senator Bernie Sanders told CBS, "I think the FDA has been negligent… and I think we want to make sure that they're more aggressive in reviewing the products that are getting onto the market."

Those on the side of additives point out that the FDA makes safety determinations, yet many worry that there's little consideration about the cumulative effect of consuming additives consistently. While one bowl of cereal filled with food coloring may not cause someone to get sick, what about a lifetime of bowls? As the Environmental Defense Fund points out, people are very concerned about additives.

At PrimaFoodie, our concern over additives is big, so we make it our business to spotlight them. Always aim to educate yourself and read labels. Because here's the fact that tops them all: Additives are in ultra-processed foods, and these are the foods we all should aim to remove from our diets..

We'll be digging deeper into additives in the future. We'd love to know: What confuses you about additives? What concerns you? And what would you love to learn more about? Let us know!

The PrimaFoodie Salt Guide

Salt is an essential ingredient in every kitchen. It’s the pinch that brings out the deliciousness in a ragu, uplevels a chocolate cookie to perfection, and makes a slice of melon bright and juicy. This magical substance is a chameleon, filled with talent to make food taste delicious. But it’s common to take this substance for granted and to overlook the critical differences in texture and style.

Welcome to our Guide to Salt: We break down which type of salt to sprinkle over roasted vegetables versus weave into a stew. Plus, we add our recommendations for some of the best small-batch, conscious salt brands out there today.

Salt 101

First, we must start with a breakdown. Salt is a mineral and an essential nutrient. Also known as sodium chloride, it comprises roughly 60 percent chloride and 40 percent sodium.

Salt is a flavor enhancer, natural stabilizer, preservative, and binder. Various cultures have used salt for centuries to cure, enhance, blend, and bind foods. Salt helps to ward off bacteria, which is why ancient and modern cultures have used it for curing and storing.

All salt comes from saltwater (a common misconception!). This means, the salt we harvest and use in our food today, as well as the salt we use for non-culinary uses, comes from either the ocean, saltwater bays or ponds, underground salt reserves (where there used to be oceans eons ago), or other areas where salt water has evaporated and left behind salt crystals.

How Salt Is Cultivated

There are three main types of salt cultivation today:

Mining: This uses excavation methods to extract the rock salt from underground mines (or deposits).

Evaporation: This involves evaporating the salt from seawater sourced directly from the ocean and other saltwater bodies, or natural brines, which are areas of concentrated saltwater found in ponds, lakes, or underground. Harvesters will evaporate the water, leaving behind the salt. This method varies and uses different sources of heat. For instance, Bryon Duty, founder of Pacific Flake Sea Salt, uses a fire evaporation method, which begins with raw seawater, which he then filters into holding tanks and boils to kill off bacteria and create a concentrated brine.

Natural Solar: The sun aids in this process, which involves the natural evaporation of saltwater as it moves through various bodies of water. The solar method only happens in warm and hot climates where rainfall is less than evaporation.

The Different Types of Salt

There are three main types of salt for cooking and eating: table, kosher, and sea salt. The differences are in how the salt was harvested and its grain size. Here's a closer look at each, plus additional types.

Kosher Salt

A small-grain common salt, kosher salt has become the go-to for pinching, sprinkling, and overall cooking. Kosher salt also comes from the history of the Jewish process of koshering meat, but not all kosher salt today is, indeed, kosher. "The rules here are very loose," Byon Duty tells us.

The texture and grain size of kosher salt make it an excellent cooking source because it absorbs easily.

Table Salt

This is the ubiquitous small-grain, heavily processed, highly refined salt found on diner tables throughout the country. Most table salt is cheap, iodized, and pumped with anticaking agents to prevent clumps. Given its high processing and small grains, a small pinch of table salt goes a long way, which is why chefs generally avoid it.

Duty also adds that table salt is cheap because it's a common byproduct of oil extraction. "When searching for oil deposits in the ground, the first clues of oil are high-saline water or brine wells," he says. "This brine deposit sits on top of the oil and is mixed in as it gets deeper. They pump the oil out, which comes with all the brine."

Sea Salt

Salt labeled "sea salt" is supposed to be the salt that has been naturally left behind by an active ocean or another body of seawater and then collected. Therefore, it is not rock salt that has been mined from a deposit. We say "supposed to" here because many companies coyly market their salt as sea salt, so it's best to aim for sea salt from an honest company.

There are various types of sea salt, ranging from large-flaked, geo-shaped salt to expensive versions from France that include super fine-grain "sel gris" (also known as Celtic salt) and rounded "fleur de sel." These types of sea salt are expensive and best used as a finishing salt rather than in cooking.

Rock Salt

This is salt mined from underground deposits, which have formed giant "rocks" that are ground into small grains. One of the most popular types of rock salt today is Pink Himalayan salt, which comes from mines in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Duty warns us that Pink Himalayan and other rock salts have been found to have traces of diesel from the excavation process. (Reports of the conditions in some rock mines are concerning. NPR offersan in-depth report on Pakistani rock salt mines.)

PrimaFoodie-Approved Salt

The wide variety of culinary salts today can be overwhelming. Many companies also slap their salts with marketing jargon, add unnecessary additives, and use poor practices that impact workers and the environment. We love the following for their purity, flavor, and brand ethics.

Pacific Flake Sea Salt

Founder Bryon Duty cultivated his salt by hand, straight from the ocean waters of Northern California.

Maldon Sea Salt

A fantastic finishing salt hand-harvested in Maldon, England.

Jacobsen Kosher Salt

This Oregon-based company sources and cultivates its salts locally in the Pacific Northwest, following ethical practices.

Murray River Salt

This Australian-based company produces salt from ancient aquifers in the Murray Darling basin in South Australia, but it is available in the US in some specialty stores.

Syracuse Salt Company

The father-daughter team behind this brand cultivates their salt from a brine well deep underground, south of Syracuse, New York. It's crisp and clean and perfect for finishing salads and topping fresh fruit.

The PrimaFoodie Guide to Honey

Honey is one of the ingredients I value most in my pantry. Its layered natural flavor, which varies from floral to earthy to nutty, adds a sweetness to dishes. Adding it to desserts like Baked Apple Jack enhances the fruit and offers a depth of flavor. Beyond the kitchen, this golden viscous substance is rich in antioxidants and minerals, and research shows it can help to heal wounds.

Simply put, honey is a miracle. But there’s so much more to it that we overlook. So this week, we break it down for you in our Guide to Honey.

The 101: What Is Honey?

A thick, rich, golden liquid, honey comes from the orchestrated teamwork of honeybees living in a colony. They work in harmony to extract nectar from flowers and other vegetal sources (hence the varying flavors), then engage in a detailed process of digesting and regurgitating the nectar so it mixes with their natural enzymes. Eventually this process causes the nectar to thicken into the golden, sweet goo that is honey.

Nutritional and Medicinal Properties

For centuries, cultures across the globe have been using honey for its nutritional elements and healing benefits. Research shows that honey, deemed a “flavorful liquid food of high nutritional value,” boasts numerous flavonoid antioxidants, as well as small amounts of various minerals including calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. It also has a lower glycemic index than sugar.

In addition to being a nutrient-dense alternative to sugar and other conventional sweeteners, honey has many medicinal benefits— which is why ancient cultures have long used it as a cure for ailments. It naturally has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, making it a protective salve. And studies have shown it to boast anti-inflammatory capabilities, to stimulate immune responses within a wound, and to provide allergy relief.

The Different Types of Honey

Honey is as complex as it is delicious. This is because the busy bees that make it live in different regions across the globe and extract nectar from various sources of local vegetation. For example, when a honey is called ‘Orange Blossom Honey, this means that the bees mainly frequented orange blossoms for their nectar. The same goes for ‘Buckwheat Honey,’ ‘Lavender Honey,' ’Wildflower Honey,’ and countless other varieties. The flavor profiles and nutritional values will vary depending on where the bees have sourced their nectar.

The Plight of the Bees

While it may seem easy enough to grab a jar of honey off the shelves, the complex world of honey's natural makers is in danger. ‘The plight of the honeybee,’ as stated by the advocacy group Friends of the Earth, is a serious issue. The globe’s honeybee population is rapidly declining due to use of fertilizers and pesticides, disease, habitat loss, and other unsustainable human-made practices. This presents dire consequences for essentially every ecosystem on earth, as bees’ pollination impacts the flourishing of countless vegetal species. Losing bees would create a great danger to our existing global food systems.

The Taste for Honey: A Growing Demand

Trend analysis shows a growing demand for honey—which, of course, fuels a need for its supply. As a result, honey has become greatly commercialized and industrialized to accommodate this growing need. Many commercial sourcing methods include forced, exploitative, and extractive measures and thus treat the bees with little to no consideration or care. In some industrial or commercial hives, human workers employ smoke techniques to extract bees. Others cut the queen bee’s wings to prevent her from leaving the colony to go to a new hive (thus impeding her ability to mate). Some honeybees are fed artificial sweeteners, such as sugar water or high fructose corn syrup. This lacks nutrition leaving their immunity compromised.

Sustainable Sourcing

While all pure and natural honey is nature’s gold, not all honey on the shelves is equal. Unsustainable practices, cruel measures, and other cryptic means can often lead to adulterated, pesticide-laden, or even artificial honey. To ensure you get the highest product with the most concentrated nutrients, it’s important to look out for several things:

• Local: The best honey to get is local honey. This ensures it’s fresh and derives from nectar from the region you live in (which can be great for combating allergies). You can source good quality, real raw honey from your local farmers market. As always, be sure to ask questions about harvesting and bee treatment—and get to know your farmers.

• Raw and Unfiltered: Raw honey is the densest in nutrients and healthy enzymes. That is because it has undergone limited to no processing from the hive to the jar, so it’s in its purest form. There may be some trace impurities in raw honey. Unfiltered honey may undergo a mild straining to remove some impurities, but it is done so in a way that honors the honey’s integrity.
  Honey that is not marked pure raw or unfiltered means that it has likely been processed, blended with carrier ingredients (like corn syrup), or heated in a way that will jeopardize its natural purity. High amounts of heating and/or filtering often robs the liquid of its beneficial natural enzymes, chemical compounds, and antioxidant properties.

• Humane Sourcing: As previously mentioned, honoring the integrity of the bees is critical. Aim to source from local farmers who humanely care for their bees or brands who put transparency and ethics first.

Choosing Your Honey: What to Look for in the Market

Like shopping for eggs, sourcing good quality honey in the market requires a bit of a dance. The first marker: Read the jar to find the honey’s location of origin. Again, it’s always best to purchase honey that is harvested in the region you live in.

Some markets offer honey that is labeled organic, which would ideally mean that the bees are humanely treated and allowed to pull nectar from vegetation that hasn’t been treated with pesticides. This is ideal, but nearly impossible to fully guarantee. When ethical beekeepers bring their bees to source their nectar, it’s impossible to know if the bees are always pulling from vegetation that is, in fact, organic. Therefore, when it comes to honey in the US, the organic marker is still nebulous. Most labeled organic are a blend of honeys from other countries, usually Mexico and Brazil.

Rather than being lured in by the ‘organic label’ in this case, look for other markers that communicate that the honey has been ethically and locally produced in your region. True Source Certified, an independent third-party verification system, is an excellent marker as it verifies authenticity, purity, and traceability of ethically produced honey.

PrimaFoodie-Approved Brands

Here are some of our favorite honey brands at PrimaFoodie. Each follows ethical beekeeping and harvesting practices:

• Honey Pacifica: With apiaries in southern California, Honey Pacifica has partnerships with local farmers to provide ample space, crops, and water for their honeybees.

• Bloom Honey: Bloom Honey is unfiltered and unpasteurized. It’s also True Source Certified.

• Blue Ridge Honey: Ethically produced, family owned, and local to California.

• White Gold Honey: White Gold is based out of Canada. Although all of us at PrimaFoodie aim to source local honey in California, this company boasts excellent standards. They produce unheated, unfiltered, untreated, unprocessed pure raw honey.

Many of Us Still Overlook Critical Facts About Sugar

Functional Nutrition Practitioner Margaret Floyd Barry on what we need to know, how blood sugar works, and the foods to avoid.

Sugar is the most divisive ingredient in our modern diets. It's the culprit of countless health issues, from inflammation to raised blood pressure. But we can't deny that it makes things taste good—so good that we become addicted. It's obvious in some foods, but hidden in so many others. Sugar is everywhere, yet its impact is still widely misunderstood.

Margaret Floyd Barry is working to change this. A functional nutritionist, Margaret has an accessible way of breaking down the convoluted but critical topics of what we eat today. We say "accessible" for a good reason: Before she discovered the power of whole clean foods, Margaret was a self-described "total mess" who was on a constant "energy roller coaster." She was a vegetarian who thought she was healthy, yet she was eating starches—aka sugar—that impacted her moods, energy levels, and overall well-being. "I had migraines all the time," she tells us. "I had severe digestive issues."

As she dug into her nutrition education, Margaret learned how invasive sugar is. So, she overhauled her diet and discovered an entirely new world of eating unprocessed foods free from all the hidden sugars. This new approach to eating left her feeling incredible. We love how she puts it: "Life on the other side of sugar feels better than you probably even know possible."

Today, as the founder of Eat Naked Kitchen, Margaret educates about the metabolic and life-changing impacts of clearing out sugar and leaning into whole foods. She spoke with PrimaFoodie about the sneaky impacts of sugar, how our blood sugar really works, and the facts people still overlook but need to know.

To receive access to the rest of this article, along with a fresh batch of recipes every month, become a PrimaFoodie paid subscriber on Substack for only $7/month or $59/year!

What We Can All Learn from the Buddhist Nuns: A Conversation with Holistic Health Coach Michelle Jungmin Bang

“You will live longer and achieve more if you first take care of yourself.”

So says Michelle Jungmin Bang (@michellejungmin), an award-winning eco-entrepreneur, Korean-American holistic health coach, and author of the new book Sun & Ssukgat: The Korean Art of Self-Care, Wellness & Longevity. Michelle’s words carry a truth she has learned firsthand. She spent 16 years in Asia, traveling to different countries to practice and learn the ancient wellness traditions that have kept millions vibrant. (Scientists predict South Korea, the nation Michelle pulls most of her wisdom from, will top longevity charts in 2030.) She weaves her learnings throughout Sun & Ssukgat, offering approaches and recipes rooted in Korean self-care and cultivated from Buddhist nuns, her Korean grandmother, and other sages.

Michelle’s insight is wide-reaching and accessible, as it offers tangible ways for us all to nourish our physical and spiritual selves more deeply. Here, she welcomes our questions about what we can learn about gut health from the Buddhist nuns and the secret to start eating better—starting today.

PF: As you began your healing journey, you visited a hermitage in South Korea. What was one of the first health lessons you learned from the Buddhist nuns?

MJB: The Buddhist nuns practice yak sik dong won; a food-is-medicine philosophy passed down for centuries in my Korean heritage. In Korean culture, the idea of yak sik dong won is a fundamental belief—that healthcare starts with nutritious foods and, secondarily, more advanced medical treatments if there is no improvement.

Although I didn't realize this until much later, I had actually grown up with an integrative East-West medicine approach through my father, a US-based doctor trained at a top medical school in Korea. Through him, I witnessed just how effective it was to integrate the practical and holistic applications of medicine—using whole foods, for example, to recover and to let the body heal through colds or surgeries.

When I visited the Buddhist nuns, I had just come out of a medical crisis, trying to find health answers. Learning from them was the perfect way for me to heal, connect the dots with what I had grown up with, and ultimately embrace a whole new way of living. They were the gentle, wise teachers I truly needed while being so constantly ill for the first time in my life.

The Buddhist nuns taught me so much about mindful self-care, a radical yet age-old notion of taking a proactive rather than a reactive approach to well-being with little steps they take daily. In our modern world, we often wait too long, as I had done, to address our sick symptoms, the signs our bodies are sending, sometimes screaming that we need to heal.

PF: Will you tell us more about the nuns' naturalist eating principles and what is essential to them?

MJB: The nuns' naturalist eating is embodied in their temple food, which is traditionally prepared. In Korea, temple food is a way of cooking passed down from Buddhist nuns who retired from Korean royal kitchens. Cooking in this way is a spiritual practice for them and a way to reconnect with nature, the seasons, and the environment. Temple food is unprocessed, utilizing foraged and grown ingredients, and derives incredible bold flavor from foundational condiments the nuns create. The food is imperfectly grown and used in a whole plant approach, from flower to root and with the peel, to utilize as much of the plant's medicine as possible and not to waste what has grown.

As I watched them cook, the nuns kept going back to a discrete lazy Susan filled with these home-made condiments, including Korean gochujang (red pepper paste), doenjang (soybean paste), traditionally brewed soy sauce, sea salt, healthy oils, and vinegars. The secret to temple food - their naturalist eating principle- is this "longevity pantry," which is superbly healthy and delicious.

I also realized how unhealthy and disconnected from real food I had become, and so far away from our planet's health, the environment, and nature, which I have grown to love so much.

“The Buddhist nuns taught me so much about mindful self-care, a radical yet age-old notion of taking a proactive rather than a reactive approach to well-being with little steps they take daily.”

PF: How does this eating approach help our gut microbiome and overall health?

MJB: The nuns' naturalist eating principles are predicated on terrain-based living. Terrain theory is the idea that illness stems from a weakness in the resilience of the body's terrain and that our bodies even harbor microorganisms—the microbiome. It takes a diametrically opposite view to germ theory, the idea that germs cause disease and we must wipe out germs to avoid getting sick. But treating this terrain, and practicing self-care, is an essential aspect of well-being throughout Asia, and this works in the healthcare system in tandem with advances in modern medicine. Terrain theory holds that when we are exposed to germs, we become ill if immune deficiencies or toxicities weaken our defenses; we do not get sick just by exposure to the germs themselves. Unlike germ theory, terrain theory explains why some people become ill while others, exposed to the same pathogens, do not.

As I dug deeper, I recognized that the nuns were also preparing every item on their menu to be easy on the gut and easy to digest. In addition to fermented foods, their diets were rich in other elements that boosted digestion, including prebiotics from mushrooms and seaweed; warm liquids like soups, teas, and warm water; a wide range of seasonal, fiber-rich fruits and vegetables; and digestion-boosting vinegars. Supporting good digestion is incredibly important to our health. Digestion requires more energy than other bodily functions. Your stomach has its own tools for breaking down foods—gastric acid and digestive enzymes—but you can aid the process by eating like the nuns do and help your body to deliver more energy to other body processes that optimize functioning, like nutrient absorption.

PF: You cite research that tells how changing the way we eat can make all the difference in our microbiome. Will you tell us more?

MJB: In a 2014 study conducted at the University of Pittsburgh, scientists set out to understand why African Americans had rates of colon cancer that were twelve times higher than rural South Africans. For two weeks, the researchers swapped the diets of 20 African Americans (with high fat intake through meat and cheese) and 20 South Africans (on a traditional African diet, high in fiber and low in fat, with little meat and plenty of vegetables, beans, and cornmeal). They found that even within this short time, the participants' microbiomes altered considerably. Those on the traditional African diet increased the production of butyrate, a fatty acid proven to protect against colon cancer, while those on the American diet developed biomarkers in their gut that were presets for cancer. Perhaps more fascinating, according to scientists at Harvard and the University of California, large microbial shifts can occur within the body in as little as twenty-four hours, demonstrating the remarkable flexibility of our human response to diet.

I found this so comforting because I certainly am not perfect, and I know that I can always try to reset back to balance, back to a state of health.

PF: What are a few ways we can start to adopt the practices of the nuns and eat more mindfully and healthfully today?

MJB: We can all learn from the nuns by being more mindful of foundational and often hidden ingredients in our foods, especially if we don't prepare them ourselves. Now, if I go to a restaurant or a grocery store, I will think about the ingredients that went into making that dish and read ingredient lists if I buy anything in a package. I also know that there is information that anyone can tap into if they are curious about learning more, like food data from USDA FoodData Central, the latest medical research on PubMed, and nutrition labels and ingredient lists provided on every food sold. This information is free and available for anyone to use.

Finally, we can also take cues from the nuns when we fall ill by using a yak sik dong won approach. The nuns know that if they have a cold, it will take seven to 10 days to recover. They take the first step of using easily digestible foods and mushroom broth to try to allow their bodies to heal first. We can always take this naturalist first step, too.

Michelle Jungmin Bang is a Harvard Business School graduate, award-winning eco-entrepreneur, and Chivas Venture Social Impact Fellow. As co-founder and founding CEO of The R Collective, she turned high-end fashion waste into luxury pieces. An expert in East-West nutrition, Michelle also serves as a board director for GrowNYC, driving impactful change in food access and sustainability. Learn more at michellebang.com.

The Complete Guide to Cooking with Fats

The different types, smoke points, and what to look for in the store.

Fats are a foundational cooking ingredient that can transform and amplify the foods we eat. Depending on what type we use, whether it be olive oil or rendered bacon fat, this ingredient brings out a dish's delicious and textured potential. As chef and author Samin Nosrat writes in Salt, Fat, Acid Heat, "food can only ever be as delicious as the fat with which it's cooked."

The nuanced aspect of fat brings up a critical point: Not all fats are created equal. There are various sources, which range from animal fats to oils extracted from nuts and seeds. Each one boasts its own flavor profiles, effect on the taste of a dish, health aspects, and smoke points. It's incredible just how nuanced and varied fats are. To that end, we've outlined our top picks for the best fats to cook with and how to use each one when making a dish.

What Is Fat?

Water, carbohydrates, protein, and fat. These are the four essential building blocks of all foods. Fats are made up of triglycerides, which are collections of molecules. When this collection comes in a liquid form, we normally refer to it as oil. When it comes in a solid form, we usually refer to it as fat. We will use the terms fat and oil interchangeably in this guide.

Fat is critical to our health and survival. Contrary to what many diets in the 1990s posited, fat is good for us when we choose the healthiest versions. The essential benefits of fats are wide and varied. They aid our body in absorbing vitamins, nourish our cognitive abilities, and support our immune system—among many other things.

(Note: When in question, always check with a medical professional before consuming different, more, or fewer fats.)

What Are the Types of Fats?

The main building blocks of fat are called fatty acids. Generally, a fatty acid consists of a "chain" of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

There are three basic types of fats: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. What makes these three different depends on the number of carbon atoms on the chain.

• Saturated fats all have carbon atoms that have bonded with hydrogen atoms. In general, saturated fats are stable fats that are most often solid at room temperature. This makes them a great option for cooking at high heat, as their smoke point is often higher than others.

• Monounsaturated fats have one set of bonded carbon atoms, so it's carbon to carbon rather than carbon to hydrogen. Monounsaturated fats are less stable against high heat, so they're best to cook at lower temperatures or used in other ways. These are almost always liquid at room temperature.

• Polyunsaturated fats have two (or more) carbon sets that have bonded together, so it's a carbon double bond rather than a carbon to a hydrogen atom bond. Because these oils tend to be unstable, they're best used as dressings and toppers rather than cooking oils. These are liquid at room temperature.

Why Fats Are Essential in Cooking

Fats (this includes fats and oils) serve two primary purposes in cooking: as a topping or seasoning (think olive oil drizzled over fresh greens) and as a cooking medium. For this guide, we'll be focusing on fats used as a cooking medium. When heated, fat becomes an incredible source to crisp up proteins and cook fresh vegetables.

What Is a Smoke Point?

The actual molecular makeup of a fat or oil varies with each type. For this reason, every fat responds differently to heat. The term "smoke point" (also called "burn point") is the literal temperature at which a certain fat or oil starts to break down and smoke. For instance, when cooking with olive oil, you'll notice the oil shimmering when getting hot, and then smoke will appear. That moment and temperature is the smoke point.

Smoke points vary, typically ranging from around 300°F to 500°F. The flavor and health value can decline when fat or oil starts to smoke. Therefore, using oil with a higher smoke point (keep reading) is important when sautéing, frying, and doing other high-heat cooking. Saturated fats tend to have the highest smoke points.

The Best Fats to Cook In

The best oils to cook with are saturated and have a higher smoke point. What you're cooking will mandate which oil best complements the dish and your needs. Here are our favorite fats and oils to cook with at PrimaFoodie:

Clean Animal Fats, such as Duck Fat
Fat Type: Saturated

Animal fats are Nichole's go-to for cooking. That's because they are shelf stable (solid at room temperature) and thus won't turn rancid quickly, have a higher smoke point, and lend a rich, distinct flavor to a dish. Animal fats are incredible for frying up vegetables and potatoes. After cooking bacon on the weekends, Nichole saves the grease and "bits and pieces" to store in the fridge for later use. Duck fat, in particular, lends incredible flavor.
Smoke Point: Ranges from 375 °F to 390 °F

Ghee
Fat Type: Saturated

Also known as clarified butter, ghee is an excellent fat to cook in at higher temperatures. It's also a baking hero.
Smoke Point: Around 485 °F

Olive Oil
Fat Type: Monounsaturated

An Italian staple, olive oil has a rich, nutty flavor profile. It's a monounsaturated fat with a lower smoke point, making it a better oil to cook with at lower heat (no frying) to avoid smoking.
Smoke Point: Around 325 °F to 350 °F

Butter
Fat Type: Saturated

Butter lends a coveted flavor, which is why it's still a favorite in the kitchen—including one of ours. Plus, this animal fat is great for higher heat and has a high water content that adds an additional cooking benefit.
Smoke Point: 350 °F

Avocado Oil
Fat Type: Monounsaturated

Avocado oil is a light, multi-use cooking oil that is nutritious and has a higher smoking point. Great for cooking vegetables and potatoes quickly in high heat.
Smoke Point: Around 500 °F to 520 °F

Coconut Oil:
Fat Type: Saturated

Another PrimaFoodie favorite (and a mainstay in my kitchen) for its shelf stability. The only potential downside of coconut oil is that it has a distinct flavor that isn't for everyone or every dish.
Smoke Point: Around 350 °F for unrefined; 400 °F for refined

Buying and Storing Fats and Oils: What to Look for

Fats are one of the most critical kitchen staples to invest in—so focus on quality. This means buying fats and oils from purveyors dedicated to sustainable and organic practices. Because toxins are stored in fats, you want to choose them from sources that haven't been sprayed with pesticides or fed or injected with antibiotics.

Be sure to store your cooking fats and oils in an airtight container and away from direct heat and light, and aim to replace them at least once a year, ideally every six months. Look at the harvest date, NOT the expiration date, as this tells you when the oil or fat was harvested, offering the most accurate idea of its shelf life. Fats and oils become rancid after sitting for too long due to oxidation from oxygen and heat. Besides having a horrible taste and smell, rancid oils are terrible for our health. Studies have linked the consumption of rancid oils to free radical damage, inflammation, and digestion issues. (Note: Due to their higher levels of polyunsaturated fats, oils from vegetable sources, like olives and almonds, tend to go rancid faster than fats derived from animals.) So keep your oils fresh!

PrimaFoodie Ingredient Spotlight: A Close Look at Maltodextrin

One of our most significant missions at PrimaFoodie is to educate people about ingredients. We love to parse labels and learn the history and reasons behind why so much—literally, so much!—stuff gets added to food. The additives in the states are as nebulous as they are ubiquitous. Their names are often impossible to pronounce, offer little to no nutritional value, and are often hazardous to our well-being. So, when we pick up a box, we're left with more questions than answers. Is this thickener necessary? What's the point of methylene chloride? And just how bad is this food coloring?

So we investigate common food additives and reveal their origin and (so-called) purpose —all in the quest to help consumers make better decisions. Because the truth is, just because something is edible doesn't mean it's healthy—or even necessary.

This week, we're looking at maltodextrin—a processed powdery substance made from vegetable sources. If you're like us, you've seen the word for years but are unclear what it does. Let us break it down.

What Is Maltodextrin?

Maltodextrin is an intensely processed white powder carbohydrate primarily made from corn, potato starch, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, or tapioca. We say "intensely" processed because it takes several steps to make it. First, manufacturers extract the starch from whatever vegetable source they're using, then break it down through hydrolysis, a process that cooks the starches to change their structure and turn them into a gel-like paste. From there, the paste is mixed with acids and other enzymes to break down the properties further. The result is an odorless, tasteless, powdery substance.

What's the Purpose of Maltodextrin?

You may be thinking that maltodextrin doesn't sound appetizing. We're with you. However, the reality is that this additive is woven into so many foods that most of us in the United States consume it.

Food manufacturers use maltodextrin to improve the texture, thickness, and consistency of foods and amplify their flavor. Think: a chewier granola bar or creamier yogurt. The powder amps up the taste and feel, making foods craveable and preventing caking in certain baked goods. Maltodextrin is also incorporated to extend the shelf-life of many packaged foods, including crackers and protein bars.

Where Is Maltodextrin Found?

Because it's a tasteless and odorless additive, the powder weaves into processed foods stealthily. Meaning you don't really know it's there. That's why manufacturers use it. It bulks up the flavor and texture, leaving no trace of its own.

You'll find maltodextrin in:

• conventional yogurt

• nutrition and energy bars

• cereal

• cookies, crackers, and chips

• nutrient supplements and protein powders

• salad dressings

• condiments

• "low-fat" products, such as light cream cheese and yogurt

• spices

• processed meats and meat products

Is Maltodextrin Harmful?

This is the key question regarding additives: what are the risks? The Food and Drug Administration deems maltodextrin as a GRAS—generally recognized as safe—ingredient. The worrisome fact, however, is the cumulative impact of eating maltodextrin repeatedly—which is a common occurrence, given how it's in countless food products.

Research shows that maltodextrin may negatively affect the balance of bacteria in the gut when eaten consistently. One study claims it "leads to the promotion of intestinal inflammation," and it "could be a risk factor for chronic inflammatory diseases," including inflammatory bowel disease.

Anotherstudy shows that maltodextrin may increase Escherichia coli (e-coli) bacteria. At the same time,additional research suggests maltodextrin plays a role in helping salmonella bacteria to survive in the gut, which could lead to a host of bowel problems, including inflammation.

Also, the glycemic index in maltodextrin is 95 and higher than that of table sugar, which is 65. The powder's high GI means it has the potential to cause a blood sugar spike.

The PrimaFoodie Take on Maltodextrin

At PrimaFoodie, we advocate for adding as few ingredients to a food as possible. So, when we see something like maltodextrin pop up, we shake our heads: Is it necessary? The studies linking it to potential gut issues make us even more concerned.

We aim to avoid maltodextrin whenever we can. Instead of relying on processed, pre-packaged foods, we opt for whole, natural ingredients whenever possible.

Formaldehyde In Hair Care Is Making People Sick—and It’s Still Legal. What Can We Do?

For more than 10 years, researchers have warned about the health dangers linked to popular hair straightening products. These products, primarily marketed and used by Black women, have been popular because of their promise of relaxed, glossy, straighter hair. But accounts over the last decade have told of women getting headaches and rashes, feeling nauseous, and losing hair after using the treatments.

That's horrible. And it's not the worst of it. A 2022 study identified the association between these hair-straightening products and uterine cancer risk. Researchers with the NIH's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences studied the hair care habits of more than 33,000 women. They found those who used the chemical hair straightening products four times a year or more were more than twice as likely to develop uterine cancer.

Health inspectors have gotten involved and found formaldehyde to be the main culprit causing the health issues. (Some of these products have claimed to be free of formaldehyde gas while they still contain methylene glycol, a chemical that scientists have deemed "chemically equivalent" to formaldehyde.)

So, the awareness has been spreading, with scientists, health advocates, including those at Environmental Working Group, and concerned governmental officials pushing for an end to formaldehyde in hair care—and they've made headway. In late 2023, the Food and Drug Administration proposed banning hair-straightening products containing or emitting formaldehyde, scheduling the change to be implemented in mid-2024.

But it never happened—and now, the wait will be even longer. The Food and Drug Administration has (again) missed its own deadline and, therefore, delayed its proposed ban on formaldehyde, pushing it out to March 2025. (And this isn't the first time the agency has fallen behind on harmful ingredients: It missed deadlines to propose required methods for detecting asbestos in talc-containing make-up.)

"Despite years of evidence, including EWG's 2021 petition to ban formaldehyde in hair-straightening products, the FDA has failed to act," Melanie Benesh, vice president of government affairs at the Environmental Working Group, told us. "This delay has left salon workers and consumers exposed to formaldehyde's known health risks, including cancer and respiratory issues."

Benesh continued to tell us that the FDA has long been aware of the dangers of these products. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-emitting chemicals are horrible for those who use the products and those exposed to them, such as hairstylists.

This delayed ban says so much. For one, it speaks miles in terms of the government's priorities. Why is there a delay when people's health is directly and explicitly on the line and lawmakers and activists have pressed the FDA? Benesh told us the delay is likely due to industry pushback and limited resources.

"Enforcing a formaldehyde ban would require substantial effort and could face legal challenges, which the FDA may be trying to avoid,” she said.

"This delay also is symptomatic of broader systemic issues, including the FDA's limited authority to act swiftly on harmful chemicals," Benesh added. "Congress should provide the FDA with clearer authority to ban hazardous ingredients without unnecessary delays."

It’s situations like that which illuminate our need for systemic reform. Ingredients like formaldehyde and other potentially harmful chemicals have no place in solutions or on our bodies. We have to fight loudly. And the first place is by educating ourselves.

As Benesh told us, "Consumers play a vital role in advocating for stronger cosmetics safety enforcement." She urges consumers to contact congressional representatives to demand the FDA ban formaldehyde in hair straightening treatments. We can also equip ourselves with all the information by reading product labels, educating ourselves on ingredients, and supporting organizations that push for safer cosmetics legislation.

"By making informed choices and voicing their concerns,” said Benesh, “consumers can push for safer products and stronger regulations to ensure their health and safety."

Melanie Benesh is Vice President, Government Affairs at the Environmental Working Group.

To learn more about the dangers of formaldehyde, visit the EWG.

The Soda Tax: A Closer Look at a Governmental Tactic that Actually Looks Out for Our Health

New research shows that taxing certain foods may positively impact our well-being.

In late 2024, University of Washington researchers revealed that taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages—commonly called "the soda tax"—are successful in discouraging people from purchasing sugar-laden drinks, such as soft drinks, sports beverages, and fruit juices.

For the last decade, eight cities across the United States have implemented taxes on drinks that contain added sugar. The reason was to help thwart rising cases of type 2 diabetes and obesity and spread awareness of sugar consumption. These governmental efforts are part of a growing policy response to encourage better health choices nationwide. Berkeley, California was the first city to launch the sugar-sweetened beverage tax in 2014, and other cities quickly followed.

The University of Washington's recent research shows that imposing these types of taxes may have a good outcome. Researchers tracked the purchasing behavior of 400 households in San Francisco, Seattle, Oakland, and Philadelphia for one year before and after the soda tax went into effect in each of the households' home cities. The study revealed that the households in the taxed cities reduced "their purchases of those beverages, with no evidence of cross-border shopping."

Melissa Knox, one of the lead researchers in the study, shed light on how the tax seems to impact lower-income households, as those in lower-income brackets tend to purchase and consume sugary beverages at a higher rate than average. "They're using some of their money to go buy a different beverage, rather than buying a candy bar instead of buying a Coke," said Knox. Study co-author Jessica Jones-Smith added that the research suggests the tax has "the intended health benefits."

What this suggests is compelling: People need reminders that so many foods readily available on the shelves can harm our health. It's fascinating, given how the United States is a frustrating case study when it comes to caring for our well-being. Our country heavily regulates, from enforcement in our workplaces to our schools and beyond, but laws around what can go into our foods and personal care products are lax—and very lax when compared to other countries. 

(Take Brominated Vegetable Oil. The EU banned this gross additive in 2008, yet it still finds a place in foods here in the US.)

So, in a world where it feels like the bigger forces are against our well-being, implementations like the soda tax give us hope.

We'd love to know your thoughts on the sugary beverage taxes. Are you for or against them?

We Love You, Los Angeles

These are devastating times for Southern Californians and their loved ones. The impact of the fires continues to be grave and wide-reaching. We built PrimaFoodie in Los Angeles. Our team member, Adrienne, lives there, as do some of our family members, dearest friends, and community members. We are holding everyone there in our hearts. 

It’s been incredible to see how people have shown up for each other. If you're seeking to help, knowing where to start can be overwhelming. Simply reaching out to someone with a text or call goes miles. If you're looking to donate, we’ve listed some organizations to consider, starting with one dedicated to providing warm meals to those displaced and on the front lines.

World Central Kitchen 
Founded in 2010 by Chef José Andrés, this global organization has been on the ground providing meals to people in Los Angeles and beyond impacted by the fires. Chef Andrés started WCK years ago by saying “when people are hungry, send in cooks. Not tomorrow, today.” He and his team have delivered on this statement for more than 14 years.

Los Angeles Fire Department Foundation
This foundation provides the vital equipment that LAFD needs to fight fires. The work here transcends political parties and divides and all funds go directly to the people actively working to save lives in the LA community.

Canine Rescue Club
Thousands upon thousands of people have lost their homes, which means that countless animals have been displaced. This team provides displaced dogs with temporary housing, links to fosters, transport, medical care, and food.

American Red Cross Los Angeles Region
With emergency centers around Southern California for evacuees, the Red Cross seeks donations to help them continue to provide food, health services, clothing, and shelter to those who have been displaced.

Baby2Baby
In 2023, Baby2Baby raised more than $12 million to help fund efforts to assist families living in poverty and forced between buying food or diapers for their children. Their efforts are incredible and they’ve extended across LA this past week, bringing families of children diapers, food, personal care products, and formula for kids and families who've lost homes.

16 Small Shifts That Make a Giant Impact on Your Health

Wellness is at the top of all our minds—and this time of year illuminates this truth so brightly. Research shows that nearly 80 percent of the resolutions made by Americans focus on health, exercise, and eating. We want to feel better, get stronger, and live longer. Of course we do. But as exciting as they are, resolutions come with a tough side. They can be hard to keep because of the demands on our lives, waning interest, or other factors. We can get down on ourselves when we don't follow them to the letter. This isn't a great way to start anything, much less a new year.

For these reasons, we tend not to focus as much on resolutions at PrimaFoodie. None of us need to add more to our to-do lists. But even more so, we've found that the good shifts in our lives have always come from small, simple, tangible promises and intentions. The small wins day after day that add up to the changes and results we want to see: Waking up 10 minutes earlier. Taking a 15-minute walk at lunch. Filling most of our plates with vegetables. Removing one grain from our diets. Psychologist Karl E. Weick put it succinctly in his research on small wins. He stated that regrouping "larger problems into smaller, less arousing problems" helps us see "opportunities of modest size that produce visible results." Yes!

When we put our energy toward the things that directly inspire us and build toward something more significant, magic happens. It also allows us to focus on what we truly want and let go of what we don't. After all, the word "resolve" hails from the Latin word resolutionem, which means "process of reducing things into simpler forms."

So, let's start thinking this way. Let's weave in a kinder and tenable approach this year by freeing ourselves from resolutions and leaning into the tangible shifts we want to make—for our health, hearts, families, and planet.

If you're seeing inspiration on where to start, we've laid out our 15 favorite ideas to help you shift your thinking and embrace more vitality. Each of these are small wins that—with consistency—always lead to bigger gains.

1. Start reading the labels on every packaged food you purchase.

2. Get up five minutes—just five!—earlier.

3. Drink one additional glass of water a day.

4. If you work at a desk, get up to stretch every hour. (Be sure to set your timer!)

5. Introduce yourself to a new farmer at the farmers' market. (Aim to do this everytime you go.)

6. Cook with a vegetable or spice that is foreign to you.

7. Clear out your pantry and restock all your essentials.

8. Bake something and hand deliver it to your neighbor.

9. Swap one conventional everyday personal care item (e.g., toothpaste, deodorant, face wash, hand cream) for one made without endocrine disruptors.

10. Cook your way through a new cookbook.

11. Subscribe to a health-focused newsletter.

12. Volunteer at a local food pantry.

13. Dedicate five minutes a day to balancing stress. 

14. Try one new breathing exercise each morning, whether it’s box breathing, alternate nostril breathing, or simply taking five deep breaths.

15. Learn the origin story of one ingredient you use regularly.

16. Learn about cooking fats and swap out seed oils for healthier options like ghee, coconut oil, or avocado oil.

Why Was RAW Farm's Milk Pulled from Shelves? The Truth You Need to Know

RAW Farm USA, a family-owned company that produces non-GMO, humanely unpasteurized milk, knows what it's like to face a bully.

The team, including founder and CEO Mark McAfee, his daughter Kaleigh Stanziani, son Aaron McAfee, and son-in-law Josh Stanziani, has faced its share of adversity since its inception in 1998. Hits have come mainly from conspiracy theories and accusations from many people, including those who believe pasteurization is crucial for health safety.

These last two weeks have sent another storm of adversity the company's way.

On December 3, officials with the California Department of Public Health declared and secured a recall of all RAW Farm products, claiming that the products are contaminated with multiple detections of bird flu, specifically the H5N1 avian influenza viruses. "Raw Farm milk products have tested positive for bird flu at both retail and dairy storage and bottling sites in recent days," the department declared in a statement.

The state officials placed the farm under quarantine and suspended any new distribution of its raw milk, cream, kefir, butter, and cheese products produced on or after November 27. Furthermore, they stated that "customers should immediately return any remaining product to the retail point of purchase" and "pasteurized milk remains safe to drink."

RAW Farm disputed the claims. On the same day of the California announcement, the team posted its stance on social media, stating "there are no illnesses associated with H5NI" in any of their products and "there are no food safety issues" or consumer safety concerns.

The team's critical rebuttal included another remark: the recall is a political issue. "Our family has faced many political challenges before and we are resilient," RAW Farm continued.

The recall caused a flurry. Customers loyal to the RAW Farm’s products swarmed social media, posting images of empty milk shelves and asking the brand to bring back the milk and followers not to be fooled by the headlines.

The state of California did not actually find any contaminated products, despite its recall actions.

More than a week after the state recall, Kaleigh Stanziani, who heads RAW Farm's marketing and branding, posted on the company's Instagram stories that the ordeal was a game of "political tug of war" and that RAW Farm has complied with the state's demands. "Nobody wanted this; we didn't want this," said Stanziani. "Why it happened to begin with is definitely timing. It's definitely because they were trying to defame and diminish and discredit."

She added that the company has passed many hurdles and is working tirelessly to get its milk back on shelves and ultimately to its customers—a feat she says is looking "extremely optimistic."

The Claims Against Raw

Raw milk has long been a target.

Centuries ago, all dairy was raw. But after the Industrial Revolution, a steady rise in city living came with increased infestations of germs, mold, viruses, and bacteria—much of which was contaminating foods, including milk. French scientists were the first to find that heating milk could kill much of the germs, and in the early 19th century, New York City officials mandated that all milk be heat-treated to keep it safe. (This mandate followed the harrowing swill milk incident, where people in New York fed their babies milk from dairy cows that were fed mucous and germ-laden mash leftover from alcohol distilleries.)

So, pasteurizing was seen as gold because it kept contamination contained. However, as the decades passed, this came at the expense of raw milk and impacted small farmers who were responsibly producing healthy, untainted raw milk. All the while, the giant corporate dairy industry, known as 'Big Dairy,' gained more and more power, and it spewed out propaganda stating the so-called benefits of pasteurized milk. (Meanwhile, large swaths of milk produced by big dairy come from animals abused and given copious amounts of antibiotics and growth hormones, not to mention pesticide-laden feed.)

Today, there's both a staunch stance for and against raw milk. And as Stanziani said, it is political. The CDC believes raw milk can lead to health consequences and heat treating it is crucial for killing germs and keeping milk "safe." Those in favor of raw milk—(which includes all of us at PrimaFoodie, in full transparency) see its myriad benefits, including the live digestive enzymes, rich essential fats, and bioavailable vitamins and minerals, all of which pasteurization commonly reduces or kills. As Mark McAfee told us previously, when milk is pasteurized, its natural nutrients "are destroyed, inactivated, or denatured," he says. Some raw milk enthusiasts simply love its taste, which is richer and creamier than pasteurized milk.

But there's more. Some see raw milk as a way to break with convention. It's a means to opt for something truly natural in our overly processed, corporatized world, and push against the politically charged machine of the USDA, FDA, CDC, and others. So yes, it's political. Raw milk is legal in just over a dozen states, with some additional states allowing for its sale on-farm only.

It is critical to point out that raw milk can contain germs, but that is if it comes from a farm and facility that does not actively take measures to prevent this. This is true for any food, be it dairy, salmon, vegetables, eggs, or something else. Copious other foods have held places on do-not-eat lists created by the CDC, including rare steak, runny eggs, and raw cookie dough. And yes, for reasons linked to illness, including salmonella poisoning, a real issue, these foods come with warnings. Still, how many people use their judgment and order a medium-rare steak or a sunny-side-up egg at brunch? And are eggs and steaks getting walloped? No. When we interviewed McAfee earlier this year, he told us that RAW Farm tests every vat of their milk for E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and other bacteria and contamination.

Drinking with Eyes Wide Open

RAW Farm’s recent challenge is a cautionary tale to all of us consumers to always look between the lines. If a fully transparent, family-owned farm creates a pure product, why is it targeted? What are the motives behind this recall? 

Perhaps the big corporate food industry dislikes people genuinely wanting to buck the profit-focused processed food world. Maybe it’s a threat to their bottom line when people want to consume real foods from farmers and producers who put health, humans, and the planet first.

Stanziani was cautious in her Instagram statements not to explicitly say too much, but the underlying message was clear: the big corporate food world does not have our backs. "There are still a whole lot of threats all around," she said.

Still, she stressed that the entire RAW Farm team is hustling to get their products back, even in the face of all the adversity.

"When you are a pioneer, every hurdle can be overcome,” she said.

The Story of Atrazine Is a Cautionary Tale

Atrazine has been on our radar for years. This lab-made herbicide is one of the most widely used in the United States. Many people have pushed against it over the last several decades—a good thing, given how studies have shown that atrazine poses numerous threats to our health. When a substance holds even a remote chance of a risk to our well-being, we feel it's critical to flag it. Especially one of which more than 70 million pounds are applied to American crops yearly. 

But there's even more to atrazine's story: proof of how far behemoth pesticide manufacturers will go to gaslight the public and the scientists looking out for our best interest.

Atrazine: an Herbicide Takes Flight

Swiss scientists introduced atrazine into the marketplace in the late 1950s. Created in a laboratory via a series of chemical reactions between cyanuric chloride, isopropylamine, and others, atrazine quickly gained the love of farmers, industrial planners, and people in the lawn care industry. They all began using the chemical to kill broadleaf weeds and small grasses that tend to interfere with crops, domestic gardens, city mediums, and green spaces. (On a biochemical level, the atrazine inhibits the targeted plants' photosynthesis capabilities.) Atrazine also has the power to kill bacteria in swimming pools, which is why it was used as a main ingredient in chlorinating swimming pools.

The Switzerland-based pesticide company Syngenta is the leading manufacturer of atrazine and, of course, a massive promoter of its alleged pro-agricultural properties. Like many lab-made chemicals, manufacturers and scientists initially deemed atrazine "safe." It has no scent or color, and scientists back then didn't detect that it caused any harm to people or animals. (We must wonder, though: Did they even study its potential for harm back then?) Of course, Syngenta marketed the heck out of it to farmers seeking to grow their crop yields and yearly capital gain.  

But as its use widened worldwide, mainly to increase the yields of corn, sugarcane, and sorghum, so did its presence in tap water, it leached into waterways, ponds, and other natural areas. As concentrations in water bodies grew, so did concerns—and fiery debates.

Heads Start Turning

Scientists, environmentalists, and activists began taking note of atrazine's consistent presence as it was washing into local ponds and water supplies. The chemical quickly became among the most common contaminants in drinking water sources, particularly in the US and various European countries.

The widespread presence of atrazine led to concern and curiosity, which thankfully resulted in testing, although this took more than a decade after atrazine's emergence. Findings about atrazine's potential harm to animal health began to catch people's attention. Researchers at the University of Sassari in Italy found atrazine to be potentially toxic to the nervous system. Another study found atrazine to disrupt normal immune system function in frogs. Meanwhile, other researchers deemed atrazine an "endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes the gonads of male vertebrates."

The growing research findings caused people to take note and speak out. In 1994, the Environmental Protection Agency began expressing concerns about atrazine's effects and thus announced there would be scientific reviews of the chemical. Around the same time, the European Union dug deep and found its contaminated waterways to be a serious threat to the lives of humans, and thus officially banned the use of atrazine in 2003. The United States continued to take notice and implement exposure limits for the chemical, but atrazine remained both legal and in use.

An Iconoclast Proves the Harm

The proof that atrazine is downright bad for health is upsetting enough. But there's one story that adds to the impact: that of biologist Tyronne Hayes. 

As more studies on atrazine’s potential harm were revealed, Syngenta, the leading manufacturer of atrazine, began fielding pressure to look closer at its product. To appear to be doing its due diligence, Syngenta hired Hayes to research the chemical and its impact on animal and human health. Hayes rolled up his sleeves and got to work, and he soon discovered something disturbing: atrazine appeared to be interfering with the sexual development of frogs. He researched this again. And again. His lines of evidence continued to show that atrazine disrupts the reproductive development of the frogs—and that it poses potential great risk to people. He brought this to Syngenta's and others in the field's attention—but Syngenta refused to acknowledge Hayes’s finding. In November of 2000, Hayes and Syngenta went their separate ways. 

Here’s where it gets really weird. Later reports revealed that the behemoth company went to great lengths to harass Hayes, discredit his science, and tarnish his reputation as a lauded researcher. In a 2014 investigative article for The New Yorker, journalist Rachel Aviv outlines many of the attempts made by Syngenta, including how it claimed Hayes's studies could not be replicated, his work lacked statistical details, and his works weren't a clear relationship between the concentration of atrazine and the effect on the frog." Hayes also went on record to say that Syngenta followed him. A feature story in Mother Jones stated that the company paid for Google ads to divert any search results of Dr. Tyrone Hayes to "AgSense, an agribusiness coalition that leads its critique of Hayes by quoting his 'propriety and professionalism' outburst."

Through this wild, weird, and rather scary feud, Hayes stood by his research on the harms of atrazine, and many other scientists continue to today.

Atrazine Today

There is no denying that atrazine is scary and harmful. More than 40 countries see this and have officially banned its use. So why is it still allowed in the US? Regulators and those on the side of Syngenta argue that companies are allowed to only use the chemical under specific concentrations, which they posit are "safe." However, these concentrations still lead to runoff in the waterways. Plus, growing research continues to show that it's not only harmful to animals but to humans. Vanderbilt University Medical Center linked atrazine to a birth defect called gastroschisis. (In fact, a group of women in Kent, England, who all had children born with the same birth defect, believed atrazine to be the culprit.)

Thankfully, copious people are fighting back. In 2012, Syngenta settled for $105 million a lawsuit filed by more than 1,000 water providers in the Midwest who argued about the cost of removing atrazine from drinking water. Advocates in Hawaii have pushed to get the herbicide banned at the state level and have made promising strides. Companies continue to perfect filtering capabilities, including reverse osmosis and activated carbon, that rid the chemical from drinking water.

But still, atrazine is everywhere— in public water reserves, ponds, lakes, and more. It's critical to get informed on your city's levels. Contact your local municipal office to request a water report, stay educated, and take measures to filter your water and protect your health.

The 2024 PrimaFoodie Holiday Gift Guide

The hope behind our annual PrimaFoodie Gift Guide is to make shopping for those you care for more intentional. We forgo the fast fashion that will linger in closets and kitschy items bound for regifting. Each item, service, and organization promises a sustained impact—be it a workhorse in your kitchen, a class that will open your home chef skills, or a donation in a loved one's name to promote a more caring world. Our list is compact, but its vast reach offers something for everyone. Happy Holidays!

Bloodroot Custom Knife 
Nichole loves this artisan and custom kitchen knives and other tools. Luke Snyder and David van Wyk create the most gorgeous and durable bespoke knives with the highest quality metals and wood. The team starts with a conversation with you to tailor the design to what you're seeking; then the duo gets to building the knife. It's so personal and unique.

Cloud Brushed Fleece Cozy Set
For the one who likes to be cozy: This matching sweatsuit is made of 100 percent organic cotton. Pair this with a cup of hot chocolate and you’re set for the winter.

Wood And Paper Gratitude Tree Activity Kit
A wonderful way to include the whole family in making a mindset shift towards gratitude and positivity. The tree comes with leaf papers but you can easily make your own to continue adding to the tree.

Frigidaire Portable Ice Making Machine
For all the folks in your life who are still stuffing their freezer with half-used ice trays, this ice maker comes to the rescue. It's compact and sleek and takes up little counter space.

What Goes with What by Julia Turshen
We love Julia Turshen's work. Her no-fuss, super warm, unapologetic approach to cooking at home continues to inspire us, as do her books. Her latest, What Goes With What, is the book version of having her right next to you, nourishing your instincts for making a satisfying meal.

Donation to the Rainforest Alliance
This global organization partners with communities and farmers across continents to help transform agricultural and living methods that deplete our forest ecosystems. Over the last two decades, they've invested north of $360 million in regenerative farming.

Shokz OpenRun Headphones
Powered by bone conduction, the open-ear design technology helps you have sensory awareness of your surroundings while you're walking or running. Plus, the bud-free design is more comfortable than conventional earphone models.

A Stay and Cooking Class at La Peetch in France
Gift a friend a little essence of Julia Child. "La Pitchoune," which roughly translates to "little one," is the quaint cottage in France that Child summered in with her husband. Now, it's the home of chef and cooking instructor Makenna Held, where she and her team offer intensive and fun cooking classes tucked in the French countryside.

Casa Zuma Handcrafted Wood Salad Bowls
Handmade in the US, these heirloom-quality handcrafted wood bowls elevate anything that lands in them—from fruit to salad to bread. They're made from solid beechwood, so they'll last years and years with some good care.

Ooni Koda 12 Gas Powered Pizza Oven
Adrienne says this oven takes pizza night to a new level—and we all agree. She loves making her gluten-free dough and offering fresh toppings for everyone to customize their pie. It might be the ultimate gift that keeps on giving.

Kroma Powdered Bone Broth
These powdered broths, available in chicken and beef, make it so easy to bring your nutrients on the go. Rich in grass-fed bovine collagen and anti-inflammatory turmeric, these broths are free of GMOs or additives. Perfect for your loved one with gut issues or who loves to travel.

Takeya Water Bottle
One of the chicest water bottles around, this intelligent design proves how far the little details go. Made of food-grade stainless steel with a BPA-free plastic twist on the lid, it easily fits into any cup holder. The silicone rubber grip allows it to stay dent-free if you drop it and always keeps it level.

Flavedo & Albedo Dew Tint
For the makeup lover who values sustainability: This multipurpose cream blush and lip tint is housed in 100% recyclable, plastic-free packaging. With a dewy finish and plant-based extracts for hydration, it layers beautifully for a sheer glow or bold drama. Available in three universally flattering shades, it’s a simple way to add a touch of color while staying kind to the planet.

The Beauty Industry Creates 120 Billion Units of Plastic Waste Every Year. Melodie Reynolds Shows Us a Better Way Forward.

"You don't need seven lipsticks, but the beauty industry will tell you that you should buy seven lipsticks," says Melodie Reynolds.

There's a charge behind Reynold's voice. Still, the founder of ELATE Beauty, a sustainable cosmetics company, admits she too was once duped by "the shame-based marketing" fueled by large beauty companies. She was even inadvertently part of it earlier in her career, as she worked in beauty marketing and sales for large companies. She began to see the unethical pressure behind these companies and a drive to push people to buy more. The businesses were creating more products housed in packages that ended up in landfills—an estimated 120 billion pieces worth each year.

The tipping point for Reynolds came during a meeting. When she and colleagues were discussing ways to create storytelling around potential green initiatives, a senior employee casually said, "just put it in a green bottle." It was a hard lesson on the realness of greenwashing, says Reynolds. "It was never more apparent to me than in that moment that I was in the wrong place."

Reynolds put herself in the right place. Fueled with a drive to create beauty products that were kind to people and the planet, she founded Elate Beauty, a B-Corp-certified ethical cosmetics line focused on refillable packaging. Since its conception in 2024, ELATE has diverted 1.3 million packages from going to landfills—a feat for a single company. As Reynolds says, the journey has been about "how we can take a product from idea, from conception all the way to end of life, and make every single moment of that product's life cycle better—for the people making it, for the person buying it, and for the planet."

Reynolds walks us through more of her journey, starting a conscious brand. As she shares with us, our self-care rituals should never be harmful and filled with shame; they should be only practices that lift us. 

Melodie Reynolds on Creating a Better Beauty Future

#1: Environmental Citizenship at Its Core

"The thing that always attracted me the most to the beauty industry was the ability to help people feel good about themselves and use marketing as a tool for storytelling, to allow individuals to determine how the things they purchased made their lives better, and all without costing the planet. The very first salon I ever worked in was an environmentally friendly salon where we refilled all our shampoos. This was back in 1999! So being a good environmental citizen has always been important to me."

#2: The Shame-Based Marketing of Beauty

"As I worked in the beauty industry, I started to see that the values I held strongly were only very surface values [in the companies]. This all started to accumulate for me around 2008 when I was in a big marketing meeting at the company I worked for because a new demographic was identified: the LOHAS— a lifestyle of health and sustainability—demographic. It was a demographic that transcended socioeconomic status and included all genders and ages. These were individuals who wanted to choose products about living a healthy and sustainable lifestyle.

#3: The Unsustainable Issue of Products

"The beauty industry gets people to buy tons of products, and all of that product ends up in the landfill. Then they feel bad about themselves, so then they buy more products. It's just a vicious cycle, contributing to the statistic of 120 billion plastic packages being made every year for the beauty industry. All of those end up in the landfill. We now have new recycling programs that are helping to try to curb some of that waste, but the biggest problem is that all of those packages still get made. That's enough for everyone on the planet to have a bag full of plastic stuff that they're going to dispose of every year. Those things inspired me to look at how we could do things differently."

#4: Bringing the Kindness and Joy Back to Beauty

"I started to feel like it was a burden putting on my makeup or trying to choose a new skin cream. It felt like it was something I was being forced to participate in. When all those things came together and converged for me, I thought beauty was supposed to be about joy. It's supposed to be about using the tools of adornment to perform your beauty ritual every morning and put your best face forward, whether it's makeup or brushing your teeth. The fact that we all have some type of beauty ritual in the morning means that we all have products that we are required to use, so all of those products should be better for the planet. And they should be reusable and refillable. They should be made with materials that are not polluting the environment. They should be made by individuals that aren't forced into slave labor. The beauty industry is fraught with just as many issues. So, for me, it was about how we can take a product from idea, from conception, all the way to end of life and make every single moment of that product's life cycle better—for the people making it, better for the person buying it, and for the planet. It is about having more time and space for joy, and the big part of that joy is not having a bunch of stuff you are ultimately responsible for throwing away.”

#5: Looking Ahead, One Refill at a Time

“Part of the problem is that we get that little delicious dopamine hit when we buy something— that's why retail therapy is real. So what we're trying to do is shift that little dopamine hit to when you refill something. When speaking in public, I have stood up many times and said, 'Who can honestly say they've ever actually finished a full tube of lipstick?' We're trying to create those opportunities.

We're a B Corp-certified company that was important to me from the start. We have a global beauty coalition of all beauty companies that are B Corps, where I sit on that board. One of the things we talk about is how we can use business as a force for good and use the beauty industry as a force for good rather than a tool of oppression. This has all led me from loving lipstick and wanting to help people feel good about themselves to global legislation to ensure that corporations are held accountable for the waste they produce.”

#6: Changing Our Language and Actions

“At ELATE, we've shied away as an organization from using the word ‘consumer’ because when you're trying to create a movement that is completely different from what everyone is used to, you need to change your language. We say 'environmental citizen,' because that is someone thoughtful about resources that they consume. And our beauty consumers are not beauty consumers; they're beauty citizens. That is where ELATE shines. Elate means joyful or prideful, and that's really what it is about. It's also an anagram for ‘everyone who loves a thoughtful experience’ because we felt that so many products are made without the thought and the intention behind them. So it was important to us to make sure that we always hold that in our hearts that everything we make is thoughtful.”

To learn more about ELATE Beauty, visit elatebeauty.com

Interview and words by Stacey Lindsay for PrimaFoodie.

---

PFAS Are Everywhere and a Threat to Our Wellbeing. Here’s What to Know and Do

You may have heard of PFAS—a group of human-made chemicals found in countless products, from cookware to furniture. You also may have heard that PFAS can be bad for our health. Indeed, very bad for our health. But whether you've listened to this, the reasons why these substances get a well-deserved negative reputation are murky. That's because there are so many of them, and their uses are as vast as their reach. 

What Are PFAS?

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, widely known as PFAS, are human-made fluorinated compounds. Manufacturers began incorporating PFAS in the 1940s after discovering the chemistry that created them in the 1930s. By the 1950s, their use had become ubiquitous.

Two main processes create PFAS: electrochemical fluorination, called ECF, and fluorotelomerization, which are chemical processes that produce side-chain fluorinated polymers, perfluoroalkyl acids, and polyfluoroalkyl surfactants. Scientists state that "more than 600 intermediate processes have also been used" further to make certain PFAS and the associated final products, as indicated by the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council.

The group of PFAS is enormous and includes thousands—more than 4,700—of chemicals, including Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), commonly found in drinking water. 

What Is the Purpose of PFAS?

When manufacturers discovered PFAS midcentury, they quickly began incorporating them into products. Why? PFAS can bolster materials, elongating their shelf-life, durability, and resistance to grease, oils, fire, and other substances. They have been used to make nonstick cookware, water- and stain-repellent materials, clothing, cosmetics, firefighting foams, furniture, and more.

One of the most significant and well-known uses of PFAS has been in nonstick cookware. American chemist Roy J. Plunkett discovered the chemistry of PFAS by accident when he worked at DuPont Company's Jackson Laboratory in the late 1930s. Plunket was working on aiming to create new refrigerants for Duponte. According to the American Physical Society, in April of 1938, Plunkett and his research assistant, Jack Rebok, discovered a new substance in the tetrafluoroethylene cylinders they'd been using. The gas substance had polymerized—something they had not predicted—into something called polytetrafluoroethylene. "The PTFE proved to have some remarkable properties," APS states. "It was corrosion- and high-heat-resistant, for instance, and had very low surface friction."

Plunkett and other chemists at the Duponte company ultimately saw the potential for these chemicals. Its first use was in the Manhattan Project, a nuclear research program undertaken during World War II, where it was added as a coating on valves and seals to prevent corrosion. Eventually, the company and scientists branded it as Teflon, which then French engineer Marc Gregoire used to make nonstick cookware in 1954. Since then, Teflon and PFAS have been created, multiplied, and used in countless ways.

A few years later, Scotchguard was born when PFOS spilled on a tennis shoe—another accident—and left its coating repellant to dirt, oil, and water.

PFAS: the Health Concerns

So PFAS are everywhere, but what you may be wondering: What is their threat? The truth is that scientists have found these chemicals to be some of the most concerning modern substances for human, animal, and environmental health. Deemed "forever chemicals," these chemicals "build up in our bodies and never break down in the environment," reports the Environmental Working Group. Studies have linked various PFAS to cancer, weakened immunity, thyroid issues, developmental defects, and other health issues.

This is all ironic, given that Roy. J Plunkett was awarded the John Scott Award, which honors people who have contributed to the "comfort, welfare, and happiness of humankind." Yes, these substances may have made it easier for fried eggs to slide off pans and onto toast, but Teflon and PFAS have wreaked havoc on our systems and health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that every American tested has been found to have PFAS chemicals in their blood.

Drinking water is one of the most common sources of exposure to PFAS chemicals. They could contaminate the drinking water of as many as 110 million Americans nationwide. The reason is that these forever chemicals easily leak out of products, migrate into the soil, water, and air, and never break down. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry says that because of PFAS's widespread use and persistence in the environment, they are "found in the blood of people and animals all over the world and are present at low levels in various food products and the environment. Some PFAS can build up in people and animals with repeated exposure over time."

A 2022 study identified 57,000 sites contaminated by these chemicals in the United States. Current estimates from the Environmental Working Group show that about 200 million people may be drinking water contaminated with PFAS. The EPA shows that about 60 million people get their water from a system containing PFOA or PFOS, two of the most well-studied PFAS, at maximum levels above the new proposed limits. 

How to Reduce and Avoid PFAS

We've talked about PFAS before, notably in our e-book The Ultimate Guide to a Nontoxic Home, and we will never stop—at least, not until they're eradicated from our homes and lives. Now, this is a tall order, given how PFAS are everywhere. They are small, scary, and lasting. But we can take active measures to reduce them from our lives.

Firstly, some municipal efforts, such as those of Yorba Linda, California, give us hope. In February 2020, the Orange County city took its groundwater wells offline due to new California regulations of PFAS. When officials found PFAS, they partnered with the Orange County Water District to construct a new Ion Exchange treatment plant to remove them.

Now, in our immediate personal lives, here are some steps to take to reduce PFAS exposure:

• Divest from using brands like Scotchgard, Stainmaster, Teflon, and other companies that tout resistance to oil, water, grease, and sticking.

• Steer clear of furniture, carpets, and upholstery with added stain-repellent substances.

• Invest in glass food containers. Many plastic wraps and containers are coated in anti-stick and anti-grease PFAS with zero warning.

• Invest in a water filter that can reduce PFAS chemicals from your tap water. The EWG has an excellent water filter guide that offers tips, products, and steps to remove PFAS from your tap H2O.

• Cook as much as you can at home. Whether eating in our carrying out, restaurants often cook on nonstick pans. Those chemicals can leak into your food.

• Be discerning when purchasing makeup. Only buy from beauty brands that use clean ingredients you can pronounce.

• Purchase our The Ultimate Guide to a Nontoxic Home for more ideas on removing PFAS from your life. If you already have it, gift it to a friend. 

Is Raw Milk Safe and Nutritious? An Expert Weighs In

Raw milk, sometimes referred to as unpasteurized milk, is milk from an animal’s mammary glands that has not been heated through a process called pasteurization. There is a schism between two general theories of whether raw milk is safe and beneficial: Some believe raw milk can lead to health consequences and that the heat treatment of pasteurization is "crucial," as the CDC puts it, for killing germs and keeping milk "safe." Others believe raw milk is highly beneficial because it contains essential fats, anti-inflammatory and digestive enzymes, proteins, and bioavailable vitamins and minerals that pasteurization commonly kills. Mike McAfee, founder of the Raw Milk Institute and owner of RAW Farm, is in the latter camp. When milk is pasteurized, its natural nutrients "are destroyed, inactivated, or denatured," he says. 

At PrimaFoodie, we’re like McAfee and on team raw milk. But we still find this general topic and the pros and cons people toss around it fascinating. Interestingly, when we looked carefully at the evidence for both sides of the conversation (as we always aim to do in our food reporting), we saw growing support for raw milk and a swelling interest in its pure, bioavailable nutrients.

To dig in deeper, we contacted McAfee for his take on why he believes raw milk offers us immense nutritional benefits. As vocal and passionate about raw milk as he is, McAfee understands that so many people are operating under the long-held rhetoric (and bias) that pasteurization is key. But, like us, his agenda is to give the facts, as choosing to drink raw milk is personal, as is all eating. "I have a saying that I created many years ago," he says, "and that is: We never sell raw milk; we teach it."

4 Things to Know about Raw Milk—from Mike McAfee, Founder of the Raw Milk Institute

#1: Raw Milk Helps to Support Immunity

Raw milk is rich in bioactive nutrients that research points to building a healthy immune system. McAfee says the lynchpin is that raw dairy is much like human breast milk: both are fresh, natural, and unprocessed. He points out the widespread medical support for breastfeeding, including from large organizations such as the World Health Organization and the American Medical Association that tout breastfeeding's benefits for children, which include higher test scores and lower asthma. "That mammalian milk is a mirror of raw milk from cows, goats, and sheep," he adds. "I have been in front of crowds of people and spoken all over the world on this subject. I always start by saying, 'Let's not talk about raw milk. Let's talk about breast milk. Let's talk about breastfeeding. Let's talk about our gut immune system.'"

#2: Studies Link Raw Milk to Better Health

The science supporting raw milk is growing. McAfee and his advocates at the Raw Milk Institute corral the latest studies showing that raw milk consumption is associated with lower rates of allergies and other common ailments, including asthma, respiratory infections, and eczema.

#3: Pasteurization Kills Beneficial Enzymes

The FDA claims that pasteurization does not reduce the nutritional value of milk, but McAfee and the studies he references say otherwise. "What they're saying nutrition is, and what I'm saying nutrition is are two different languages." The FDA focuses on sugar, fat, and protein quantities, which remain similar after pasteurizing milk. McAfee says what's critical is that raw milk has more bioactives than pasteurized milk. That's because the high temperatures that heat the milk destroy and damage many delicate nutrients and gut-healthy bacteria in natural raw milk, such as raw whey protein, alkaline phosphatase, lactoferrin, and more. For these reasons, conventional pasteurized milk is often harder for people to digest and can lead to digestive issues.

#4: To Drink Safe Raw Milk, Ask Questions!

This is loaded and very important, says McAfee. Raw milk is beneficial, but not all raw milk is safe. That’s why it’s critical to know your farmer. At the Raw Milk Institute, he and his peers have created a set of "Common Standards" to guide raw dairy producers and support them in following the strictest safety measures in cultivating milk for human consumption. He and his team at RAW Farms regularly test for E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and other bacteria. 

For us consumers, McAfree says to find a local dairy producer on realmilk.com that specializes in raw milk for human consumption, reach out to them, and ask about their practices. "Go get to know them," he says. "Talk to their customers. Find out how long they've been doing this. Ask them some pointed questions from the Raw Milk Institute Common Standards, like how often they do testing, how they prepare their udders, what their maintenance program is, and how fast they chill." If the raw milk producer has integrity and produces a clean and safe product, they will readily answer your questions. It's not to pressure them, McAfee adds, but to get to know them better so you can become their customer and safely drink their raw milk. 

To learn more about Mike McAfee and raw milk, visit rawmilkinstitude.org and rawfarmusa.com.

Interview and words by Stacey Lindsay for PrimaFoodie.

---

The PrimaFoodie Guide to Conscious Small Brands: San Francisco Edition

Every city, large and small, boasts its fair share of sustainably-minded, local goods these days. But San Francisco takes its conscious brands to the next level. Abounding with creativity, this northern California city has long been a beacon of inspiration for makers who don’t put energy toward the cheap and quick but instead dedicate themselves to all that's slow, deliberate, and meaningful.

Speaking of slow, San Francisco and the surrounding Bay Area is, after all, the home of slow food activist and chef Alice Waters. The revered chef and restaurateur has influenced countless eco-minded food entrepreneurs with her farm-to-table approach and deep respect for regenerative farming. (In the early 1970s, Waters opened her famed restaurant Chez Panisse, with the steadfast mission of incorporating only organic and local produce into every meal it served.)

So this region, graced by Waters and countless other slow-food pioneers, is rich in innovation and curiosity. It's a place that champions local small companies that put the well-being of stakeholders first. Naturally, we were thrilled to dig deeper into the many conscious small brands that San Francisco has to offer.

Farmhouse Lab

Truly a one-of-a-kind salad dressing company that uses only a handful of local organic ingredients in their mixes. The Berry Olive and Sunny Avocado are local favorites at SF farmers’ markets.

The Nectary

This small-batch flower and plant beverage company prides itself on using plants that are naturally cross-pollinated by local bees. Located in Sebastopol, the owners frequent many of the SF farmers’ markets. Their ferments and cold-pressed juices are unparalleled.

Marigold

Floral designers Aubriana Kasper and Gena Winter founded Marigold, a stunning organic floral and gift shop, in San Francisco's Mission District in June 2018, and it has since become a household name around the city. The team is known for their whimsical, organic styles and dedication to locally grown, seasonal flowers. They also host a gift and coffee shop in their workspace, where you can sip local coffee and peruse gifts from Flamingo Estate and more.

Just Date

It’s all in the name: This SF company started off making their simple one-note product, a clean date syrup, with a minimal team. Now you can find the syrup on natural grocery story shelves across the US. 

Kalkat Fruit & Nut Co.

Head to the Fort Mason Farmers’ Market on a Sunday and you’ll find an impressive array of local nuts, dates, and other dried fruits at this bustling tent.

San Francisco Honey & Pollen Co.

A small company offering the local liquid gold of the region. In tandem with offering local honey and bee pollen, husband-and-wife team John and Christina McDonald also give workshops on the critical importance of ethical, kind beekeeping.

Lady Falcon Coffee Club

There’s a reason why we included Lady Falcon in our holiday gift guide: The coffee, which is sustainably grown and founded by female farmers, is pure, clean, and simply incredible. Plus, we love the unique vibe of the brand’s aesthetic that pays homage to the salty, foggy air of San Francisco.

Dancing Crow Wine

Low to no intervention natural Syrahs, Sauvignon Blancs, and Cabernets made with organic local grapes and no added fillers or toxins.

Winter’s Fruit Tree

SF residents flock to this stall at the farmers’ markets to source their peak fruits and vegetables, fresh eggs, handmade nut butters, and more. Family-run for several generations, Winter’s Fruit Tree owners follow sustainable and organic farming methods.

Sciabica's Olive Oil

The Sciabica Family is legendary in the Northern California food scene: Since the early 1960s, they have been growing organic olives to cold-press them into the purest olive oil—making them the oldest producer of the product in the US. While their oils and balsamic glazes are famous, this company also offers freshly made pastas, tomato sauces, olive oil almonds, and handmade skincare.

Saba Jam

Women-owned and run, Saba Jam produces small-batch handmade jams that are dense with organic Northern California fruits picked at peak season.

Dandelion Chocolate

If you’re in town and seeking a novel experience, head to the Mission District to check out this local and wildly popular chocolate company. The Dandelion team offers friendly tours and tastings to get a deeper experience of its organic, single-origin small-batch artisan chocolate. They pride themselves on building honest and fair relationships with their cocoa bean farmers, a rarity in the chocolate industry.   

Bathing Culture

It took two friends, the vibes of San Francisco, and a desire for a soap that doesn’t strip or negatively impact the earth to create this popular line of body and face oils and sustainable bath products. Free of anything toxic or artificial, these products do what they’re meant to do: gently clean, moisturize, and uplift.

Flower Head Tea

Oakland resident Karina Vlastnik is the energy behind this vibrantly packaged company that offers ethically sourced tea and chai. Inspired by the “evolving vibrations and diverse terrain of Northern California,” the tea is blended by-hand in small batches.